Los inversores deben tomar nota: la robótica está tomando el control de la agricultura

En tiempos premodernos, la mayor parte de la actividad económica estaba impulsada por el sector primario: agricultura, ganadería y otras formas de producción de alimentos. Con la revolución industrial, nuestras economías se han impulsado cada vez más por la industria primaria y, posteriormente, por los servicios. Esto hizo que el sector primario, aunque sigue siendo responsable de la vital tarea de producir alimentos, se volviera cada vez más invisible en términos económicos.

Un factor clave fue la mecanización de la agricultura. En regiones pobres y subdesarrolladas como África, la agricultura puede ser el sustento de la mayor parte de la población y representa hasta un 15 % del PIB. En países como EE. UU., la agricultura representa menos del 1 % del PIB.

Mechanization and industrial farming led to several trends, almost all of them detrimental to the environment:

• Expansión de monocultivos masivos en miles de acres en lugar de ecosistemas diversificados con setos, múltiples especies, etc…
• Dependencia masiva de fertilizantes químicos.
• El uso intensivo de pesticidas y herbicidas provoca daños ecológicos y contaminación del agua.
• Degradación de la fertilidad del suelo por arado profundo, fertilizantes, fungicidas y compactación bajo el peso de tractores cada vez más grandes.
• Declive de la biodiversidad de los cultivos, con solo un puñado de variedades que a menudo representan el 80‑90 % de la producción total.
• Menor valor nutricional de los alimentos producidos.

This is not sustainable. La población de abejas está amenazada por el “colapso de colonias”, likely triggered by pesticides. And it is not even profitable, putting huge pressure on farmers, quienes tienen muchas más probabilidades que la población general de suicidarse. La FAO de la ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura) nos advierte que el 90 % del suelo estará en peligro para 2050. And food production will need to increase by 70% by 2050, despite most soils becoming depleted and sterile.

This could be a pretty grim picture. But we have the solution already, and it is being implemented right now.

Pasando al siguiente paso

This is not all negative. Industrial farming has drastically reduced hunger despite the world population exploding. It also freed up human labor for more productive tasks like sciences and education.

But there are a few things that industrial farming does poorly and seemingly cannot get better at:

• Control de malezas y plagas sin químicos.
• Cosecha y recolección, especialmente de frutas y bayas delicadas.
• Cuidado personalizado para cada pequeña sección del terreno cultivado.
• Riego óptimo que no desperdicie los valiosos recursos hídricos.

The solutions so far have been to either ignore it (chemical treatment) or solve it by exploiting cheap migrant labor (fruit picking). From both an ecological and ethical standpoint, it is not acceptable to keep the same practices in place.

Luckily, robotics is now coming to help make farming more sustainable.

Imagine a future where fruit picking is done by smart robots that will not break their back and overheat under the scorching sun; where diesel-powered massive tractors are replaced by a fleet of small autonomous drones on wheels running on solar power; where the fields are constantly monitored by flying drones to check; and where pesticides and herbicides are replaced by hot water or a robotic arm.

The good news is that the whole farming industry is doing this. Not only small enthusiastic startups sino también gigantes industriales como Bayer. You even have foros globales de robótica agrícola como el reciente de diciembre de 2021 en Francia. Progress is made all over the field, but we can categorize them into a few segments.

Recolección robótica

Advanced.farm is using 6 robotic arms, machine vision, and a suction cup to harvest apples without the need for human presence gently. It can also do it at night, allowing for a 24/7 harvest schedule. It has also designed a strawberry harvester, which is 5x more efficient than a human harvester. So despite a little spooky look when operating at night (see below), it is really safe and efficient.

Fieldworkrobotics has signed una asociación con el fabricante alemán de maquinaria Bosch to develop its soft fruit-picking robots. It specializes in fragile fruits and veggies like raspberries, cauliflower, and tomatoes, using advanced robotic arms.

Gestión robótica de malezas y plagas

Ecorobotix has created a robot that combines machine vision with precision spraying to reduce by up to 95% the volume of pesticide and herbicide used. Instead of spraying the whole field, their robots target only the plant that actually needs the chemical. While this does not remove chemicals entirely from farming, this should reduce drastically the total volume and its associated pollution.

Naio Technologies aims instead to remove herbicide from the field fully. A lightweight (1.5 ton, so just like a car) autonomous robot drives the field and shreds or uproots the weed with small blades. It uses LIDAR, GPS guidance, and machine vision to drive by itself and distinguish crops from weeds, requiring no supervision.

Some go even further, such as Blue River Technology, a partner of the giant in farming equipment John Deere. It uses machine learning and machine vision to identify every plant in the field. So the robot can get rid of the weed but also thin out the crop like lettuce, increasing the overall yield without human intervention, “doing the job of 9-10 people”. You can see more in the video below:

(the same use of machine vision to thin and weed around the crop is also done by Vision Robotics, Ekobot, and Aigro). And it is likely many other startups are either still operating in stealth mode or just getting started.

Riego con robótica

Osiris Agriculture is a French company that has developed an irrigation robot. By driving itself and identifying the plant needs, it reduces water consumption by 30% and also saves farmers 7 hours of work per hectare in the summer months.

Monitoreo con robótica

Precision Hawk use drone to monitor crops’ health, using multispectral sensors. These drones are reading not only visible light but also infrared, which gives information if an area needs watering. It also signed a partnership with the world’s largest drone manufacturer, DJI, for an app able to transform any drone into a monitoring drone.

Otras aplicaciones de la robótica

There are plenty of other possible applications.  For example, managing cattle with Beefreeagro, which locates and counts cattle autonomously. It can also detect early signs of disease and monitor if all the fences and gates are how they should be.

Robots can also be used for reforestation efforts. Biocarbon Engineering ha utilizado drones voladores para plantar cientos de árboles en solo unos minutos in a test to regrow mangrove forests in Myanmar. This can be especially efficient for hard-to-reach areas like coastlines and mountains.

Because some cultivation, like flowers, is often done indoors, there are also planting robots for greenhouses like the Roboplant.

Menciones especiales

Not all fields are in nice flat rows for miles. Many fields are on slopes or have complex configurations, for example, vineyards or mixed crops. There is a robot for that, too. The Slopehelper moves on tracks like a tank and can do almost anything depending on the equipment attached: spraying, mowing, weeding, mulching, and even assisting manual pickers to reach the fruits in an orchard or vineyard.

It is likely that multi-role robots will become the norm, mixing together in one machine for planting, irrigation, pest control, weeding, picking, etc. Probably through the merging of some of these startups in a few tech leaders or in pre-existing agronomic conglomerates like John Deere and Bayer.

Last but not least, maybe you are not a farmer but a gardening enthusiast who would like to cultivate some of his food at home. But without the time or physical capacity to do the gardening yourself? Or do you want to see farming robots in action by yourself? Then, you can look at the open-source Farm.Bot. It will plant, weed, water, and fertilize autonomously a surface up to 3mx6m for “just” $3,995.

Conclusión

Robots are just beginning in farming. And they are also here to stay. Labor is still a major component of the price of food production. Robots can help keep food affordable as well as promote better farming practices. We might, in a few decades, look back at current agriculture practices as destructive and short-sighted compared to much more advanced robo-farming methods that help preserve biodiversity and reduce pollution.

Robots are likely to replace most tractors over time and radically modify the way farming is done. This is both a threat and an opportunity for incumbents in the sector. So, from an investment standpoint, it would be best to invest only in agri-businesses embracing robo-farming and being able to adapt to a change as radical as mechanization was almost a century ago.

Savvy Investors should keep an eye out on the agricultural space, specifically companies that are applying data analytics and capitalizing on robotics.