Teletransporte Quântico – Fato ou Ficção?

Usando Fibra Óptica para Teletransporte Quântico

Global digital communication relies on the quick and efficient transfer of data at the speed of light through a complex network of optical fibers. This is acceptable for classical computing, which uses binary strings of 0 and 1.

No entanto, à medida que a computação quântica se aproxima cada vez mais de se tornar uma ferramenta de uso comum para criptografia, pesquisa científica e outras aplicações, surge a questão de como transferir dados quânticos de um computador quântico para outro.

Por muito tempo, acreditou‑se que isso era quase impossível. Cada computador quântico estava destinado a operar isoladamente, reduzindo seu potencial.

Isso está se tornando rapidamente um problema importante a ser resolvido para a indústria de tecnologia, especialmente porque novos designs escaláveis de chips quânticos foram recém revelados.

Portanto, este é um passo importante que pesquisadores da Northwestern University, Ciena Corporation e NuCrypt LCC descobriram: o estado quântico pode ser preservado e transferido em fibra óptica ao lado de um fluxo de dados “normal”.

Eles publicaram seus resultados na Optica, intitulados “Teletransporte quântico coexistindo com comunicações clássicas em fibra óptica¹”.

Teletransporte Quântico

While sounding like some fanciful concept from a science-fiction movie, quantum teleportation is actually a real phenomenon studied for decades.

Isso acontece quando 2 partículas diferentes são “pareadas/vinculadas” juntas, algo chamado emaranhamento quântico.

Nesse caso, quando duas partículas estão ligadas, independentemente da distância entre elas, elas trocam informações por grandes distâncias — sem transportá‑las fisicamente. Em alguns casos, pode até ser possível que a troca de informações ocorra mais rápido que a velocidade da luz, algo teoricamente impossível.

How it works and what it means for the fundamental aspect of our reality is still hotly debated by quantum physicists. However, we know this is a very real and measurable quantum effect, that could allow for perfectly secured and instantaneous communications.

Comunicações Radicalmente Diferentes

Uma Agulha em um Palheiro em Movimento

Until now, it was assumed that no quantum state could be transferred through optical fiber, as any individual entangled photon would be drawn in the other billions traveling with it and lose its unique quantum state.

“Ao realizar uma medição destrutiva em dois fótons — um carregando um estado quântico e outro emaranhado com outro fóton — o estado quântico é transferido para o fóton restante, que pode estar muito distante.

O próprio fóton não precisa ser enviado por longas distâncias, mas seu estado ainda acaba codificado no fóton distante. O teletransporte permite a troca de informação por grandes distâncias sem exigir que a própria informação viaje essa distância.

”

Jordan Thomas – Ph.D. at Northwestern University.

The key insight was to measure if there was not some specific condition in the optic fiber that would not disrupt the quantum entanglement.

After conducting in-depth studies of how light scatters within fiber optic cables, the researchers found a less crowded wavelength of light to place their photons, the 1290-nm quantum channels. Then, they added special filters to reduce noise from regular Internet traffic.

Of course, while this sounds easy, the actual experimental setup was all but simple, with the published scientific paper giving us a glimpse of how complex the whole experiment truly was:

Fonte: Optica

Novas Telecomunicações

As optical fiber transfer photons from point A to point B, it was already known they could carry a quantum state in them. But this is the first time that it has been demonstrated that this can happen at the same time other non-quantum data are transferred as well.

This means that a very different information transfer process is occurring, one relying on a single photon at a time instead of the usual million of photons.

“Nas comunicações ópticas, todos os sinais são convertidos em luz. Enquanto os sinais convencionais para comunicações clássicas tipicamente compreendem milhões de partículas de luz, a informação quântica usa fótons individuais.”

Pr Prem Kumar – Director of the Center for Photonic Communication and Computing at Northwestern University

Do Protótipo Inicial a Ambições Maiores

Mais Fibra Óptica

The first test was conducted on a 30km-long (18.6 miles) optical fiber, with high-speed Internet traffic passing through.

The next step for the researchers will be to experiment with much longer distances, to see how far they could push for this new method of distant communication.

This has so far been conducted with lab-only optical fiber. Another set of tests will experiment with real-world in-ground optical cables and see how well they work with the preexisting global network of Internet optical fiber.

Expandindo Aplicações Quânticas

Another part of the ongoing investigation will be to use two pairs of entangled photons, rather than one pair. This would check what is happening about another quantum phenomenon called, entanglement swapping.

Entanglement swapping is a protocol to transfer quantum entanglement from one pair of particles to another, even if the second pair of particles has never interacted.

This is an important extra tool for potential future quantum telecommunications because it would lead to distributed quantum applications like quantum networks. These networks may support safely transferring quantum information over long routes.

“O teletransporte quântico tem a capacidade de fornecer conectividade quântica segura entre nós geograficamente distantes. Mas muitas pessoas assumiram por muito tempo que ninguém construiria infraestrutura especializada para enviar partículas de luz.

Se escolhermos os comprimentos de onda adequadamente, não precisaremos construir nova infraestrutura. Comunicações clássicas e comunicações quânticas podem coexistir.

”

Pr Prem Kumar – Director of Center for Photonic Communication and Computing at Northwestern University

This would be a big step in quantum-powered encryption, as by utilizing swapped entanglements between particles’ pairs, it is possible to generate secure encryption keys that should be protected against eavesdropping.

Another effect would be to allow for ultra-long distance transfer of quantum states, through a method called quantum repeaters. By performing entanglement swapping regularly, it could “refresh” the quantum state and avoid any data loss over long distances.

Investindo em Computação Quântica

Quantum computing is still an emerging field, but investors can already access it through companies that are developing it.

You can invest in quantum-related companies through many brokers, and you can find here, on securities.io, our recommendations for the best brokers in the USA, Canada, Australia, the UK, as well as many other countries.

If you are not interested in picking specific quantum computing companies, you can also look into quantum computing ETFs like Defiance Quantum ETF (QTUM), which will provide a more diversified exposure to capitalize on the quantum computing industry.

You can learn more about quantum computing in “The Current State of Quantum Computing” and the largest companies in the sector in “5 Best Quantum Computing Companies” & “Top 10 Non-Silicon Computing Companies”.

Empresa de Computação Quântica

1. Alphabet Inc.

Google is very active in quantum computing, mostly through its Google Quantum AI lab and Quantum AI campus in Santa Barbara.

Google’s quantum computer made history in 2019 when It claimed to have achieved “quantum supremacy” with its Sycamore machine. The machine performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken a conventional supercomputer 10,000 years.

This is now dwarfed by its newest chip’s performance, called Willow. This is the very first quantum computing chip is an error rate low enough, that the more qubits you add, the less error you get. It makes it the very first scalable quantum chip design.

But maybe the greatest contribution of Google will be in software, an activity where it has an impressive track record, actually better than in hardware (search, GSuit, Android, etc.).

Already, Google’s Quantum AI makes available a suite of software designed to assist scientists in developing quantum algorithms.

It also openly advocates for “researchers, engineers, and developers to join us on this journey by checking out our open source software and educational resources, including our new course on Coursera, where developers can learn the essentials of quantum error correction and help us create algorithms that can solve the problems of the future.”

Thanks to this open approach, Google is now leading in hardware as well as its cloud solutions. Google might be one of the companies setting the standards of quantum computing software and quantum programming, giving it a privileged position to direct the field’s future evolution.

Meanwhile, AI solutions, including Waymo’s self-driving car, might become the new revenue driver for Alphabet, which still holds a massively dominant position in the search & ads industries.

You can learn more about Google non-quantum-related activities, especially ads and AI, in our dedicated report from dezembro de 2024.

2. Ciena Corporation

A partner is the research project that demonstrated quantum teleportation in optical fiber, Ciena Corporation is a global leader in optical and routing systems, services, and automation software.

Ciena is by far the world’s largest company ex-China in the optical market, controlling more than 25% of the market. It is present in 70 countries.

Fonte: Ciena Corporation

The company sees the demand for bandwidth as exploding in the next 4 years, driven by the demand from AI applications.

Fonte: Ciena Corporation

This has prompted the company to use its strong position in optical networks to expand into new markets relevant to the AI boom, notably due to many AI applications requiring new localized data centers, due to laws about privacy and cross-border data flow, as well as the emergence of disaggregated data centers, requiring more optical network capacity.

Fonte: Ciena Corporation

If existing networks of optical fiber prove to be usable for transmitting quantum data, this could prove a new booming sector for the optical network industry. This would make the future of the sector even more promising, as quantum computing could give it a massive boost after the already exploding demand from AI applications.

Referência do Estudo:

^{1. Thomas, J. M., Yeh, F. I., Chen, J. H., Mambretti, J. J., Kohlert, S. J., Kanter, G. S., & Kumar, P. (2024). Teletransporte quântico coexistindo com comunicações clássicas em fibra óptica. Optica, 11(12), 1700–1707. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.11.001700}