Penambangan Bitcoin Menjadi Perlombaan Infrastruktur

Selama dekade terakhir, Bitcoin, cryptocurrency terbesar berdasarkan kapitalisasi pasar, telah berkembang menjadi penyimpan nilai. Demikian pula, industri Bitcoin (BTC ) telah mengalami evolusi yang luar biasa, menyoroti kemampuannya menghasilkan nilai dan berkontribusi pada aktivitas ekonomi.

Pencipta pseudonimnya, Satoshi Nakamoto, merancang Bitcoin sebagai sistem uang elektronik terdesentralisasi, peer-to-peer yang memungkinkan dua pihak bertransaksi secara langsung tanpa mempercayai pihak ketiga, seperti bank.

Hal ini dimungkinkan oleh sistem buku besar terdistribusi yang tidak dapat diubah dan sangat bergantung pada penambang, yang merupakan komponen vital ekosistem cryptocurrency.

Sebagai sistem terdesentralisasi, siapa saja dapat membantu mengamankan jaringan Bitcoin dengan berpartisipasi dalam penambangan, yang berarti bersaing memecahkan masalah matematika untuk mendapatkan kesempatan memverifikasi sebuah blok transaksi Bitcoin. Sebagai imbalannya, penambang diberi hadiah sebesar 3,125 BTC. Dengan cara ini, penambangan Bitcoin membawa BTC baru ke dalam keberadaan, memproses transaksi, dan menjaga keamanan jaringan.

Pada tahun-tahun awal, penambangan Bitcoin merupakan aktivitas terdistribusi, karena individu dapat menjalankan perangkat lunak pada komputer biasa mereka dan berkontribusi pada daya hash dari rumah. Namun tidak lagi.

Seiring waktu, permintaan teknis dan ekonomi penambangan telah sepenuhnya mengubah lanskap. Akibatnya, apa yang dulunya aktivitas terbuka dan tanpa izin telah berevolusi menjadi industri yang sangat kompetitif dan intensif modal, yang hanya dapat diikuti oleh pemain besar.

Penambangan Bitcoin tidak lagi hanya tentang kekuatan komputasi mentah. Keunggulan kompetitif yang sesungguhnya kini berasal dari infrastruktur: energi murah, operasi pusat data yang efisien, dan kemampuan untuk meningkatkan skala tanpa mengorbankan margin.

Seiring margin menipis dan hadiah blok berkurang seiring waktu, penambangan menjadi kurang sebagai hobi dan lebih sebagai perlombaan industri, di mana kelangsungan hidup bergantung pada kecanggihan operasional dan ketahanan finansial.

Sebuah studi baru mencatat penurunan penambang aktif dan mengonfirmasi sentralitas jaringan Bitcoin, meskipun jaringan tersebut “lebih terdistribusi dan lebih adil dibandingkan Ethereum” baik sebelum maupun sesudah merge.

Namun, penambang solo dalam jaringan Bitcoin kurang terpusat dan, yang lebih penting, mereka mengalami distribusi peluang pembentukan blok yang lebih adil dibandingkan penambang pool, yang rata‑rata memperoleh hadiah penambangan lebih banyak. Penambang pool juga ditemukan churn‑nya lebih rendah dibandingkan penambang solo.

What’s more, the waiting time for miners plays a key role in their churn, so improving it is essential to increase network decentralization and fairness.

Peralihan Bertahap dari Penambangan Hobi ke Skala Industri

Bitcoin mining has come a long way from its early, humble beginnings. It has evolved into a booming business, characterized by large-scale operations and big players.

Perubahan dalam penambangan Bitcoin, dari aktivitas hobi menjadi operasi berskala industri, tidak muncul begitu saja. Itu bukan perubahan mendadak melainkan perubahan bertahap seiring harga naik, adopsi meningkat, dan lebih banyak peserta bergabung dalam jaringan yang diprogram untuk mengurangi hadiah guna mengendalikan inflasi.

Ketika hadiah masih 50 BTC per blok, penambang awal dapat bersaing secara efektif dengan perangkat keras konsumen, namun seiring semakin banyak orang mengetahui aset pinggiran ini, kompetisi meningkat, memicu pengenalan mesin ASIC khusus yang mengubah lanskap.

Komputer yang dirancang khusus ini, dilengkapi dengan mikrochip yang dirancang untuk memecahkan teka‑teki matematika kriptografi kompleks, sangat memengaruhi profitabilitas penambangan, yang mulai bergantung pada ekonomi skala.

Operator yang dapat menempatkan ribuan mesin, menegosiasikan kontrak energi, dan mengoptimalkan sistem pendinginan memiliki keunggulan struktural.

Evolusi ini menggeser basis partisipan jaringan dari penambang individu, yang dulu menjadi inti etos desentralisasi cryptocurrency, menjadi pool penambangan besar yang mengagregasi daya komputasi, sehingga menentralisasi jaringan.

Perusahaan penambangan berskala besar ini tidak lagi menyerupai perusahaan perangkat lunak tradisional. Mereka semakin beroperasi seperti bisnis energi dan infrastruktur. Karena penambangan Bitcoin mengonsumsi listrik dalam jumlah besar, penambang kompetitif fokus pada efisiensi dengan membangun dekat sumber tenaga hidroelektrik, gas terdampar, wilayah energi terbarukan surplus, dan zona industri berbiaya rendah.

Walaupun mengonsumsi banyak daya, kemampuan unik mereka untuk secara fisik menempatkan diri tepat di samping sumber pembangkit baru atau yang kurang terhubung, serta membeli listrik segera setelah pembangkit tersedia, sebenarnya memungkinkan penambang Bitcoin mendukung proyek energi baru sejak awal, sehingga memberikan pendapatan penting untuk mendukung pembangunan infrastruktur daya yang cukup agar konektivitas jaringan menjadi ekonomis.

“The mining industry is effectively subsidizing the buildout of new energy production and infrastructure without relying on American taxpayer money,” noted CoinShares in its report from a couple of years ago. Cheap electricity, ample space, and favorable regulations have helped several US states, such as Texas, become Bitcoin mining hubs, where major mining companies are creating jobs and injecting capital into local economies.

Margin Ketat dan Uji Tekanan Pasar Menguji Industri

Operational survival has become a key challenge for miners, who must continuously upgrade their hardware and manage energy price volatility, which has been particularly challenging due to the ongoing US-Iran war.

Interestingly, the current uncertainty in Iran has made Bitcoin extremely popular among Iranians, with roughly one in six now using BTC, and annual transaction volumes growing 11.8% YoY, representing about 2.2% of the nation’s GDP.

Iran has also legalized cryptocurrency mining and uses its heavily sanctioned energy resources for mining BTC, though its hashrate is currently at ~0.8% (9 EH/s). Meanwhile, the US, China, and Russia control 68% of Bitcoin’s global hashrate.

Those who can’t secure cheap power, efficient operations, or access to capital are forced out, leaving only the most optimized operators to persist.

A Bitcoin mining report for Q1 2026 by CoinShares found that 20% of miners capitulated due to a revenue decline following a tough Q4 of 2025, the most challenging period for BTC miners since the April 2024 halving.

During this time, 4Q25, the Bitcoin price had experienced a sharp correction. A 31% drawdown, combined with near-record hashrate, compressed hash prices to multi-year lows of ~$36–38/PH/s/day, breakeven for many miners, before falling further below $29/PH/s/day.

While electricity, hardware depreciation, and operational overhead are responsible for Bitcoin mining cost, which is sitting around $84,750, above the current BTC price of about $78K, revenue is being affected by transaction fees and block rewards, which have already gone through four halvings and are all set to fall further to just 1.5625 BTC in the first half of 2028.

Pertarungan untuk Bertahan Hidup Mengarah pada Pivot Infrastruktur

Against weakening conditions, miner profitability increasingly depends on minimizing costs and maximizing efficiency.

Beyond cheap power, operators need balance-sheet flexibility to withstand market downturns. This tends to create a consolidation effect, in which capital-rich large firms gain even more market share during periods of stress.

As a result, miners are now repurposing their infrastructure for adjacent workloads such as AI training or high-performance computing (HPC).

This migration of Bitcoin miners toward AI and HPC is accelerating rapidly, with miners currently pursuing over $70 billion in data center contracts that would reshape their business models. Also, according to CoinShares’ estimates, listed Bitcoin mining companies could derive 70% of their revenue from AI and HPC by the end of the year, up from roughly 30% at the start of 2026.

As AI share increases, the share of Bitcoin mining revenues “will see a significant decline throughout 2026 as capacity under these contracts ramp up.”

CoinShares characterized this shift as “largely economic,” which is driven by hash prices remaining near cyclical lows and mining margins compressing, while AI infrastructure offers operators structurally higher and more stable returns. For those who have access to scalable energy and existing data center capabilities, redeploying power and capital toward HPC seems rational.

Not to mention, the cost differential between BTC mining infrastructure (~$700K-1M/MW) and AI infrastructure (~$8M-15M/MW) is wide, so the conversion opportunity is now being realized at scale.

According to Jefferies, Bitcoin mining companies will be the major beneficiaries of the AI infrastructure boom, with North America forecasted to add about 66 GW of new data center capacity between 2025 and 2030. Meanwhile, the region’s colocation data center market could expand 3x to $92 billion during this period, far outpacing the shrinking economics of Bitcoin mining.

But of course, “power availability is the binding constraint.” As brokerage firm Bernstein noted late last year, “access to the grid has become a very scarce resource in the U.S.,” but the early build-outs of Bitcoin miners, who started securing power infrastructure back in 2019, make them attractive strategic partners for hyperscalers and AI infrastructure providers.

Morgan Stanley analysts also came to the same conclusion, “that Bitcoin sites offer AI players the fastest time to power with the lowest execution risk, and believe this will increasingly be valued/recognized.”

Several mining companies, such as WULF (WULF ), CORZ (CORZ ), IREN (IREN ), HUT (HUT ), and CIFR (CIFR ), have already pivoted or diversified into AI data center services, leveraging their existing infrastructure to capture higher-margin opportunities.

“The AI infrastructure boom has created an entirely new monetization path for an asset class the market had written off as structurally challenged,” noted Wintermute in its March report before concluding that while the AI pivot is real and is being priced aggressively by the market, “it is a solution available to a minority, those with the right site quality, balance sheet, and operational bandwidth to execute a fundamental repositioning.”

The flexibility to shift capacity acts as a hedge against Bitcoin price volatility and mining margin compression, further reinforcing the advantage of well-capitalized operators.

Data Mengonfirmasi Perubahan Struktural dalam Industri Penambangan

As Bitcoin mining goes through a great transformation, a new study titled ‘Trends and Behavior of Miners in Cryptocurrency Networks: A Longitudinal Study on Fairness, Centralization and Churning’¹ published earlier this week in ScienceDirect, offered a measurable perspective into these structural changes.

To do this, researchers from the Department of Computer Engineering at Kuwait University analyzed over a decade of Bitcoin data, from 2009 to 2021.

The findings of the study support the idea that mining is no longer a flat, decentralized field as it once was. It has actually evolved into a system that’s shaped by centralization pressures, economic incentives, and participant churn.

A key insight is the persistent decline in active miners across the network over time, indicating that participation is not stable but increasingly selective, with miners entering and exiting based on economic viability.

As for what factors influence whether miners remain active, the study finds waiting time to successfully mine a block and reward variability as important drivers.

Looking at how mining in major cryptocurrency networks has evolved over time, the study examined who earns rewards, how evenly they are distributed, and whether the system is becoming more centralized.

At a high level, the data show a clear shift from an open and fair system when Bitcoin was young to a far more competitive and unequal one over the years.

The study noted that in the early days, mining was accessible to all. Many solo miners could participate in the process, and they had about equal chances of earning rewards. But over time, as both hashrate and mining difficulty rose, fewer miners remained active. The hashrate has been growing since the asset’s inception, which increases the difficulty of mining.

At the same time, as rewards decreased due to Bitcoin’s design, together, these forces made mining less profitable for individuals, either pushing them out of the network completely or forcing them to join mining pools.

Success in mining, the study shows, increasingly depends on access to large-scale computational resources, so those who have powerful hardware, individually or through combined resources, have a much higher chance of earning rewards.

Smaller or less efficient miners, those without pooled resources or the ability to scale, are more likely to exit, thereby reinforcing the dominance of larger players.

This dynamic points to the structural challenge. Incentivizing miners is a leading issue for the continuity of a cryptocurrency, the study noted, and “most cryptocurrencies cease to exist within five years of operation.”

Konsentrasi Hadiah dan Kebangkitan Pemain Dominan

The system simply doesn’t support many small players competing fairly; rather, it favors those who can invest in specialized equipment, energy, and scale. This shows that mining has become less about decentralized participation and more about industrial capability.

This is further supported by fairness analysis. Using measures such as the Gini coefficient, the study’s authors find that block rewards are highly unevenly distributed.

According to the study, a tiny fraction of miners control a large share of the blocks. For instance, less than 1% of miners control over half of Bitcoin’s mined blocks.

Mining pools exhibit the same pattern, with just a handful of pools dominating the network. Data shows that just two major pools, Foundry USA (28.28%) and AntPool (16.55%), are collectively controlling almost 45% of the total network hashrate.

Meanwhile, the top five pools, including ViaBTC (13.10%), SpiderPool (11.03%), and F2Pool (10.34%), account for more than 79% of the network hashrate, which measures the total computational power used to secure the Bitcoin blockchain.

That doesn’t mean solo miners don’t experience a fairer distribution of block-creation opportunities; they do. Also, individual miners are fairer among themselves, meaning rewards are less skewed within that group. But while these less centralized miners get an equal chance to validate transactions and earn a reward, they earn far less overall due to higher variance and longer waiting times.

Pool miners, by contrast, operate in a less fair internal system but earn significantly more because they benefit from shared computational power and more consistent payouts. This is why they have become dominant in the Bitcoin network. Mining pools reduce risk and improve income predictability, but contribute to centralization.

The study also discusses churning, defined as miners leaving the network.

Solo miners are much more likely to churn, researchers find, because they face long wait times for rewards and lower payouts. By contrast, pool miners have shorter wait times and more stable earnings, so they are more likely to stay, further accelerating the shift toward large-scale mining.

Churning is also defined as pool-hopping, where miners leave one pool to join another to maximize their benefits. The research cites a study that examined over 20 Bitcoin mining pools and found that miners who switch between pools over time are more likely to receive higher rewards. Besides Bitcoin, the study also analyzes Ethereum (ETH )  from 2015 to 2023.

And just like with Bitcoin, they found a steady decline in the number of active miners on the second-largest network, but report Bitcoin to be more decentralized and fairer.

When compared with Ethereum, both before and after its transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS), the study finds similar or worse inequality and centralization, but a lower churn index due to lower waiting time.

However, the $1.55 trillion market cap Bitcoin is still showing increasing centrality, with power and rewards not evenly distributed; instead, they concentrate among entities with greater computational resources and better operational models.

Overall, in both networks, only a few entities control most of the mining or validation power, reinforcing the broader conclusion that cryptocurrency systems tend to centralize over time despite starting with a decentralized design. This aligns with mining becoming an infrastructure race where access to resources determines outcomes.

At last, the study emphasizes that existing protocols need improvement to increase network decentralization, reduce churn to secure the sustainability of cryptocurrency, i.e., continuity in processing transactions, and enhance fairness. And if changes are not made, then economic pressures will continue to push the network toward consolidation.

Kesimpulan

Bitcoin is one of the most important innovations in technology and finance, offering a decentralized, permissionless, and censorship-resistant alternative to traditional systems. At the heart of it lies mining, the process that secures the network, validates transactions, releases new coins into circulation, and ensures the integrity of the blockchain.

Over the last decade, Bitcoin mining has gone through a transformation. From an open, distributed activity, it has now evolved into an infrastructure race led by those with access to cheap energy, capital efficiency, and operational scale. The latest study supports this progression, showing how miner churn, reward dynamics, and centralization pressures gradually remove smaller participants while favoring those with pooled resources and industrial capabilities.

This evolution is likely to continue because, as block rewards decline and competition intensifies, mining will become even more influenced by global energy markets and data center infrastructure. Against that backdrop, we now need to answer the critical question of how decentralization can be preserved in practice within this increasingly industrial system.

Referensi

^{1. Allaho, M. Y., Karaata, M. H. & Elgemiei, I. A. Tren dan Perilaku Penambang dalam Jaringan Cryptocurrency: Sebuah Studi Longitudinal tentang Keadilan, Sentralisasi dan Churning. Blockchain: Penelitian dan Aplikasi 2026, 100494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2026.100494}