Miten kiraalinen spintroniikka voisi mullistaa laskennan

Miten spintroniikka voisi mullistaa laskennan

Progressively, the world of hardware computing is starting to look beyond silicon chips, or even classical forms of binary computing altogether.

Tämä johtuu siitä, että tavalliset sirut ja muistit tietokoneissamme ja datakeskuksissamme ovat yhä vaikeampia valmistaa, ja uusimmassa sukupolvessa transistorit ovat vain muutaman nanometrin kokoisia.

Toinen tekijä on energian kulutus, joka muuttuu ongelmaksi, kun laskentatehon, erityisesti tekoälyjärjestelmien, kysyntä jatkaa kasvuaan.

Monia ehdotettuja ratkaisuja on, joista kvanttilaskenta ja fotoniikka ovat näkyvimpiä vaihtoehtoja joko vähentää laskennan tarvetta tai tehdä siitä nopeampaa ja vähemmän energiaintensiivistä.

Another is spintronics, which utilizes the spin of electrons, a quantum characteristic, instead of the electric current (the flow of electrons).

Hyödyt ja mahdolliset sovellukset spintroniikassa

Electronic components, such as transistors, are traditionally built from silicon and rely on semiconductors. The 0 and 1 signals in binary indicate the passing or blocking of an electric current.

Vaihtoehtoinen tapa suorittaa laskenta on spintroniikkalaitteiden avulla, jotka toimivat elektronien spinin (peruskvanttiominaisuus) perusteella sen sijaan, että ne käyttäisivät sähkövirtaa (elektronien virtausta).

Lähde: Insight IAS

Data voidaan koodata sekä spini‑kulman momenttiin, joka voidaan kuvitella sisäänrakennetuksi “ylös” tai “alas” -asennoksi elektronille, että orbitaliseen kulman momenttiin, joka kuvaa, miten elektronit liikkuvat atomiytimen ympärillä.

Koska tämä sisältää enemmän informaatiota kuin pelkkä 0 & 1, spini voi sisältää enemmän dataa per atomi kuin perinteinen elektroniikka.

Spintroniikalla on muutamia muita etuja perinteisiin elektronijärjestelmiin verrattuna, erityisesti:

• Nopeampi data, koska spiniä voidaan muuttaa paljon nopeammin.
• Vähemmän energian kulutusta, koska spiniä voidaan muuttaa vähemmällä teholla kuin mitä vaaditaan elektronivirran ylläpitämiseen.
• Yksinkertaisia metalleja voidaan käyttää monimutkaisten puolijohdemateriaalien sijaan.
• Spini on vähemmän haihtuvaa kuin puolijohteen tila, mikä tekee tietojen tallennuksesta vakaampaa.

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Spintroniikka on kaupallistettu kiintolevyjen luku­pää­osissa 1990‑luvulta lähtien, mikä on merkittävästi lisännyt tallennustiheyttä viime vuosikymmeninä.

“Spin on kvanttimekaaninen ominaisuus, joka on kuin elektronin kantama pieni magneetti, osoittautuen ylöspäin tai alaspäin.

Voimme hyödyntää elektronien spiniä tiedon siirtämiseen ja käsittelyyn niin kutsutuissa spintroniikkalaitteissa.”

Talieh Ghiasi – Postdoc Researcher at Delft University of Technology

Much recent progress has been made in spintronics, for example, that spin loss can be converted back into magnetisation, making spintronic electronics even more energy‑efficient, or that spintronics & graphene could power next‑gen quantum circuits.

Ja tutkijat löytävät yhä uusia menetelmiä spintroniikkalaitteiden parantamiseksi, kuten Seoul National University (Etelä‑Korea), Korea University, Korea Institute of Science and Technology ja Feinberg School of Medicine (USA) -tutkijat. He loivat magneettisia nano‑kierukkaita, jotka voivat hallita elektronin spiniä, mikä voisi synnyttää kokonaan uuden “kiraalinen spintroniikka” -kentän.

He julkaisi tuloksensa arvostetussa tieteellisessä lehdessä Science¹, otsikolla “Spin‑selective transport through chiral ferromagnetic nanohelices”.

Kiraalinen spintroniikka

Mitä kiraalisuus tarkoittaa spintroniikassa?

In nature, symmetry is a fundamental feature of many things, including the components of DNA and light itself. It is possible that two molecules almost identical to each other differ not in their composition or shape, but in their orientation, a concept called “chirality”.

Kiraalisuus voidaan selittää yksinkertaisimmillaan siinä, miten vasen kätemme eroaa oikeasta kädestä, vaikka molemmat kädet ovat identtisiä muodoltaan, rakenteeltaan ja toiminnaltaan.

Kiraalisuus näyttelee perustavaa roolia biologiassa, jossa luonnonvalinta on valinnut yksinomaan “oikeakätiset” DNA‑molekyylit, sokerit ja aminohapot (proteiineiden peruskomponentti).

It is, however, rare in inorganic materials, which tend to either be disorganized or crystals without chirality.

Miten metallit saavat kiraalisuuden spintroniikkaa varten

The scientists managed to create both left- and right-handed chiral magnetic nanohelices by electrochemically controlling the metal crystallization process. An alloy of cobalt-iron was chosen for its ferromagnetic properties.

A key innovation in this process is using trace amounts of chiral organic molecules, such as cinchonine or cinchonidine, which guided the formation of the helices.

“In metals and inorganic materials, controlling chirality during synthesis is extremely difficult, especially at the nanoscale.

The fact that we could program the direction of inorganic helices simply by adding chiral molecules is a breakthrough in materials chemistry.”

Pr. Ki Tae Nam – Professor at Seoul National University

To demonstrate the chirality of these nanohelices, they measured electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by the helices under rotating magnetic fields.

This creates an easy way to test if the material was produced properly, as the left- and right-handed helices produced opposite EMF signals, allowing for quantitative verification of chirality, not requiring the magnetic material to strongly interact with light, the usual way to check for chirality.

More importantly, they discovered that these chiral magnetic metals can also guide the spin accordingly: they preferentially allow one direction of spin to pass, while the opposite spin cannot.

“Chirality is well‑understood in organic molecules, where the handedness of a structure often determines its biological or chemical function,”

Pr. Ki Tae Nam – Professor at Seoul National University

Kiraalisen spintroniikan mahdolliset sovellukset

Through the material’s inherent magnetization (spin alignment), long‑distance spin transport at room temperature became possible.

This effect proved constant, regardless of the angle between the chiral axis and the spin injection direction. As it was not observed in non‑magnetic nanohelices of the same scale, it seems to be directly linked to the chiral magnetic helices.

This would make the first‑ever discovered asymmetric spin transport in a relatively macro‑scaled material.

The team also demonstrated a solid‑state device that showed chirality‑dependent conduction signals, paving the way for practical spintronic applications.

“These nanohelices achieve spin polarization exceeding ~80% — just by their geometry and magnetism,”

This is a rare combination of structural chirality and intrinsic ferromagnetism, enabling spin filtering at room temperature without complex magnetic circuitry or cryogenics, and provides a new way to engineer electron behavior using structural design.”

Pr. Young Keun Kim – Professor at Korea University

Another advantage of this new technology is that the manufacturing process is relatively simple and cheap, using no rare materials or complex technologies.

“We believe this system could become a platform for chiral spintronics and the architecture of chiral magnetic nanostructures.

This work represents a powerful convergence of geometry, magnetism, and spin transport, built from scalable, inorganic materials.”

Pr. Young Keun Kim – Professor at Korea University

Much more work still needs to be done to fully explore the potential of this new idea and materials. For example, the number of strands (double, multiple helices) can be modified at will, and might yield different characteristics yet to be discovered.

The ability to control the handedness (left/right) and even the number of strands (double, multiple helices) using this versatile electrochemical method is expected to contribute significantly to new application areas.

Pr. Young Keun Kim – Professor at Korea University

Between the ease of production and the possibility of long‑distance spin transfer, this could be very useful for the production of fully spin‑based computers and networks, with economic advantages from lower energy consumption and stable data storage.

Sijoittaminen spintroniikka‑innovaattoreihin

1. Everspin Technologies

Everspin is a branch of Freescale (now known as NXP, stock ticker NXPI) dedicated to developing MRAM memory systems, the most common form of spintronic that is commercially viable today. It got spun out and went public in 2016.

Everspin is considered the leader of MRAM technology (Magnetoresistive Random‑Access Memory), inheriting Freescale’s experience of being the first to commercialize an MRAM chip in 2006.

Because MRAM is a memory that persists even in the absence of a current, it is increasingly used in sensitive use cases where critical data is too important to risk loss.

Driven by pervasive applications such as data analytics, cloud computing, both terrestrial and extraterrestrial, artificial intelligence (AI), and Edge AI, including Industrial IoT, the market for persistent memory is projected to grow at a CAGR of 27.5% between 2020 and 2030

Everspin

Lähde: Everspin

The company estimates the market will reach a $7.4B size by 2027. The company has had no debt and positive free cash flow since 2021.

Everspin MRAM products are currently occupying a small but growing niche, serving markets where reliability is crucial, like aerospace, satellites, data recorders, patient monitoring devices, etc.

Lähde: Everspin

The growth of chipsets, AI, and synaptic systems might also be a long‑term boost for the company.

2. NVE Corporation

Another leader of spintronic, NVE has been working on this technology since its first patent in MRAM technology in 1995. It produces spintronic sensors and isolators, mostly used in measurement and sensor systems for cars, gears, medical devices, power supplies, and other industrial devices.

Lähde: NVE

This puts NVE in a somewhat different category than Everspin, with NVE more of an industrial company with a strong position in a niche market (magnetometer using spintronic), while Everspin is more of a memory/computing company working with and in competition with the likes of Intel (INTC ), Qualcomm (QCOM ), Toshiba, and Samsung, who are also developing their own MRAM product.

It can make the stock more (or less) attractive depending on investors’ profiles, with NVE’s stock more likely to appeal to more conservative investors seeking a dividend yield and safety.

Viitteet

^{1. Yoo Sang Jeon, et al. Spin-selective transport through chiral ferromagnetic nanohelices. Science. 4 Sep 2025. Vol 389, Issue 6764. pp. 1031-1036. DOI: 10.1126/science.adx5963}