Teleportasi Kuantum – Fakta atau Fiksi?

Menggunakan Serat Optik untuk Teleportasi Kuantum

Global digital communication relies on the quick and efficient transfer of data at the speed of light through a complex network of optical fibers. This is acceptable for classical computing, which uses binary strings of 0 and 1.

Namun, seiring komputasi kuantum semakin mendekati penggunaan umum untuk enkripsi, penelitian ilmiah, dan aplikasi lainnya, muncul pertanyaan bagaimana cara mentransfer data kuantum dari satu komputer kuantum ke komputer kuantum lainnya.

Untuk waktu yang lama, hal ini dianggap hampir tidak mungkin. Setiap komputer kuantum ditakdirkan bekerja secara terisolasi satu sama lain, mengurangi potensi mereka.

Masalah ini kini menjadi tantangan penting bagi industri teknologi, terutama karena desain skala baru chip kuantum baru saja diumumkan.

Jadi, ini adalah langkah penting yang ditemukan oleh peneliti di Northwestern University, Ciena Corporation (CIEN ), dan NuCrypt LCC: keadaan kuantum dapat dipertahankan dan dipindahkan dalam serat optik bersamaan dengan aliran data “normal”.

They published their results in Optica, titled “Quantum teleportation coexisting with classical communications in optical fiber¹”.

Teleportasi Kuantum

While sounding like some fanciful concept from a science-fiction movie, quantum teleportation is actually a real phenomenon studied for decades.

Ini terjadi ketika 2 partikel berbeda “dipasangkan/terikat” bersama, sesuatu yang disebut keterikatan kuantum (quantum entanglement).

Dalam kasus ini, ketika dua partikel terhubung, terlepas dari jarak di antara mereka, mereka menukar informasi melalui jarak yang sangat jauh — tanpa secara fisik membawa informasi tersebut. Dalam beberapa kasus, bahkan mungkin informasi tersebut ditukar lebih cepat daripada kecepatan cahaya, sesuatu yang secara teoretis tidak mungkin.

How it works and what it means for the fundamental aspect of our reality is still hotly debated by quantum physicists. However, we know this is a very real and measurable quantum effect, that could allow for perfectly secured and instantaneous communications.

Komunikasi yang Sangat Berbeda

Jarum di Tumpukan Jerami yang Bergerak

Until now, it was assumed that no quantum state could be transferred through optical fiber, as any individual entangled photon would be drawn in the other billions traveling with it and lose its unique quantum state.

“By performing a destructive measurement on two photons — one carrying a quantum state and one entangled with another photon — the quantum state is transferred onto the remaining photon, which can be very far away.

The photon itself does not have to be sent over long distances, but its state still ends up encoded onto the distant photon. Teleportation allows the exchange of information over great distances without requiring the information itself to travel that distance.”

Jordan Thomas – Ph.D. di Northwestern University.

The key insight was to measure if there was not some specific condition in the optic fiber that would not disrupt the quantum entanglement.

After conducting in-depth studies of how light scatters within fiber optic cables, the researchers found a less crowded wavelength of light to place their photons, the 1290-nm quantum channels. Then, they added special filters to reduce noise from regular Internet traffic.

Of course, while this sounds easy, the actual experimental setup was all but simple, with the published scientific paper giving us a glimpse of how complex the whole experiment truly was:

Sumber: Optica

Telekomunikasi Baru

As optical fiber transfer photons from point A to point B, it was already known they could carry a quantum state in them. But this is the first time that it has been demonstrated that this can happen at the same time other non-quantum data are transferred as well.

This means that a very different information transfer process is occurring, one relying on a single photon at a time instead of the usual million of photons.

“In optical communications, all signals are converted to light. While conventional signals for classical communications typically comprise millions of particles of light, quantum information uses single photons.”

Pr Prem Kumar – Director of the Center for Photonic Communication and Computing di Northwestern University

Dari Prototipe Awal ke Ambisi Lebih Besar

Lebih Banyak Serat Optik

The first test was conducted on a 30km-long (18.6 miles) optical fiber, with high-speed Internet traffic passing through.

The next step for the researchers will be to experiment with much longer distances, to see how far they could push for this new method of distant communication.

This has so far been conducted with lab-only optical fiber. Another set of tests will experiment with real-world in-ground optical cables and see how well they work with the preexisting global network of Internet optical fiber.

Memperluas Aplikasi Kuantum

Another part of the ongoing investigation will be to use two pairs of entangled photons, rather than one pair. This would check what is happening about another quantum phenomenon called, entanglement swapping.

Entanglement swapping is a protocol to transfer quantum entanglement from one pair of particles to another, even if the second pair of particles has never interacted.

This is an important extra tool for potential future quantum telecommunications because it would lead to distributed quantum applications like quantum networks. These networks may support safely transferring quantum information over long routes.

“Quantum teleportation has the ability to provide quantum connectivity securely between geographically distant nodes. But many people have long assumed that nobody would build specialized infrastructure to send particles of light.

If we choose the wavelengths properly, we won’t have to build new infrastructure. Classical communications and quantum communications can coexist.”

Pr Prem Kumar – Director of Center for Photonic Communication and Computing di Northwestern University

This would be a big step in quantum-powered encryption, as by utilizing swapped entanglements between particles’ pairs, it is possible to generate secure encryption keys that should be protected against eavesdropping.

Another effect would be to allow for ultra-long distance transfer of quantum states, through a method called quantum repeaters. By performing entanglement swapping regularly, it could “refresh” the quantum state and avoid any data loss over long distances.

Berinvestasi dalam Komputasi Kuantum

Quantum computing is still an emerging field, but investors can already access it through companies that are developing it.

You can invest in quantum-related companies through many brokers, and you can find here, on securities.io, our recommendations for the best brokers in the USA, Canada, Australia, the UK, as well as many other countries.

If you are not interested in picking specific quantum computing companies, you can also look into quantum computing ETFs like Defiance Quantum ETF (QTUM), which will provide a more diversified exposure to capitalize on the quantum computing industry.

You can learn more about quantum computing in “The Current State of Quantum Computing ” and the largest companies in the sector in “5 Best Quantum Computing Companies” & “Top 10 Non-Silicon Computing Companies”.

Perusahaan Komputasi Kuantum

1. Alphabet Inc.

Google sangat aktif dalam komputasi kuantum, terutama melalui Google Quantum AI lab dan Quantum AI campus di Santa Barbara.

Komputer kuantum Google membuat sejarah pada 2019 ketika mengklaim telah mencapai “quantum supremacy” dengan mesin Sycamore. Mesin tersebut melakukan perhitungan dalam 200 detik yang akan memakan waktu superkomputer konvensional 10.000 tahun.

Ini kini tertinggal oleh kinerja chip terbarunya, yang disebut Willow. Ini adalah chip komputasi kuantum pertama yang memiliki tingkat kesalahan cukup rendah, sehingga semakin banyak qubit yang ditambahkan, semakin sedikit kesalahan yang muncul. Ini menjadikannya desain chip kuantum skalabel pertama.

Namun mungkin kontribusi terbesar Google adalah pada perangkat lunak, sebuah aktivitas di mana mereka memiliki rekam jejak mengesankan, bahkan lebih baik daripada pada perangkat keras (pencarian, G Suite, Android, dll.).

Sudah, Quantum AI Google menyediakan rangkaian perangkat lunak yang dirancang untuk membantu ilmuwan mengembangkan algoritma kuantum.

Ia juga secara terbuka mengajak “peneliti, insinyur, dan pengembang untuk bergabung dengan kami dalam perjalanan ini dengan memeriksa perangkat lunak sumber terbuka dan sumber daya edukasi, termasuk kursus baru di Coursera, di mana pengembang dapat mempelajari dasar‑dasar koreksi kesalahan kuantum dan membantu kami menciptakan algoritma yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah masa depan.”

Berkat pendekatan terbuka ini, Google kini memimpin baik dalam perangkat keras maupun solusi cloud‑nya. Google mungkin menjadi salah satu perusahaan yang menetapkan standar perangkat lunak komputasi kuantum dan pemrograman kuantum, memberi mereka posisi istimewa untuk mengarahkan evolusi bidang ini di masa depan.

Sementara itu, solusi AI, termasuk mobil self‑driving Waymo, mungkin menjadi penggerak pendapatan baru bagi Alphabet (GOOG ), yang masih memegang posisi dominan secara massal di industri pencarian & iklan.

You can learn more about Google non-quantum-related activities, especially ads and AI, in our dedicated report from Desember 2024.

2. Ciena Corporation

A partner is the research project that demonstrated quantum teleportation in optical fiber, Ciena Corporation is a global leader in optical and routing systems, services, and automation software.

Ciena is by far the world’s largest company ex-China in the optical market, controlling more than 25% of the market. It is present in 70 countries.

Sumber: Ciena Corporation

The company sees the demand for bandwidth as exploding in the next 4 years, driven by the demand from AI applications.

Sumber: Ciena Corporation

This has prompted the company to use its strong position in optical networks to expand into new markets relevant to the AI boom, notably due to many AI applications requiring new localized data centers, due to laws about privacy and cross-border data flow, as well as the emergence of disaggregated data centers, requiring more optical network capacity.

Sumber: Ciena Corporation

If existing networks of optical fiber prove to be usable for transmitting quantum data, this could prove a new booming sector for the optical network industry. This would make the future of the sector even more promising, as quantum computing could give it a massive boost after the already exploding demand from AI applications.

Referensi Studi:

^{1. Thomas, J. M., Yeh, F. I., Chen, J. H., Mambretti, J. J., Kohlert, S. J., Kanter, G. S., & Kumar, P. (2024). Quantum teleportation coexisting with classical communications in optical fiber. Optica, 11(12), 1700–1707. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.11.001700}