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Bostadsägande blir alltmer otillgängligt i Nordamerika – Kan 3D-utskrift förändra detta?
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Bostadsägande, en bleknande dröm?
Rising prices and rising interest rates in the last few years have made homeownership increasingly difficult to achieve. This is especially true for the younger generations like millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Z (born from 1997 to 2012).
Stigande priser och ökande räntor under de senaste åren har gjort bostadsägande allt svårare att uppnå. Detta gäller särskilt de yngre generationerna som millennials (födda mellan 1981 och 1996) och Gen Z (födda från 1997 till 2012).
Problemet förvärras av inflation, växande befolkning, ökande ojämlikheter och ett begränsat utbud av nya bostäder.
Detta är ett globalt fenomen, särskilt uttalat i den så kallade “anglosfären”, och nu allmänt erkänt som ett problem:
Källa: IPSOS
Meanwhile, 2/3 av unga människor ger upp att äga ett hem i Australien,
In Sydney and Melbourne, since 2005, the median house price has climbed 3.5 times the inflation rate and 2.5 times the increase in average weekly earnings.
The Sydney Morning Herald
Källa: The Guardian
Det var inte alltid så
This situation is rather unique to our time period, and previous generations faced a very different housing market.
Denna situation är ganska unik för vår tidsperiod, och tidigare generationer mötte en mycket annorlunda bostadsmarknad.
This is easily demonstrated by flash interviews like i den här videon, where older people answer the question “How expensive was your first house?”. And the answers range are $16,000, $26,000, and $37,000.
Of course, such amounts need to be adjusted for inflation. But since the 1970s, housing has consistently been rising quicker than overall inflation, making the real estate market more and more expensive.
Källa: CUtoday
Detta skapar en situation där inträdespriset och handpenningen för ett hem fortsätter att stiga högre och högre, snabbare än besparingar och löner kan hålla jämna steg.
Since 1985, US housing prices have gone up 5.5x, while median household income went only up 3.3x.
Källa: Visual Capitalist
The same is true in the UK, where genomsnittliga fastighetspriser har stigit dubbelt så snabbt som lönerna i Storbritannien under de senaste fyra årtiondena.
“Policy missteps over the past three decades have contributed to a situation that is undermining the living standards of future generations.
I don’t understand why younger people today aren’t out on the streets, protesting against their parents and their grandparents for what they’ve done to the cost of housing in this country,”
Independent economist Saul Eslake – The Sydney Morning Herald
Of course, in addition to the disparity between the rise in housing prices and income, there is added disparity in the job market, where young people are in a very different job market than baby boomers at the same age and are more likely to struggle with unemployment, student debt, need more diplomas and experience for the same jobs.
Varför hände detta?
There is no clear-cut explanation of why the housing market has spiraled out of control that much.
But there are a series of factors that contributed to the current dire situation.
Större storlekar
One comment often made by older people about the housing market is that modern homes are more expensive because they are a lot nicer than houses in the 1970s.
And to be honest, there is some truth to that. Modern houses tend to be better equipped, notably with central heating and air conditioning.
They are also, on average, much bigger.1970 var den genomsnittliga boytan för ett hus 1 500 kvadratfot (up from 1,048 in 1920) and was 2,014 in 2023.
Inte tillräckligt byggande & ökad reglering
Another factor in rising housing prices has been an increase in the cost of building them. Building activity has been too subdued to answer demand, and this is largely due to increases in land prices and increased regulations.
While regulations are needed for new buildings to be safe, new regulations have overall increased the cost of design, approval, labor, and maintenance of housing.
Many zoning laws and housing rules are specifically designed to avoid the construction of affordable dense urbanism needed to push prices down. And this happened because it overall benefited a lot of powerful interests, from real estate developers to politicians to existing homeowners.
Hem som en investering
A shift in perception occurred since the 1970s, with housing increasingly seen as an investment vehicle more than a place to live in.
“Homes were increasingly built and sold to existing homeowners seeking an additional home solely as a retreat or asset rather than a residence.
Overall, second-home buying could explain about 30 percent and 10 percent of the run-up in construction employment and house prices, respectively, from 2000 to 2006.” – Daniel Garcia, Federal Reserve economist
Today, this situation is compounded by the arrival in the housing market of massive money flow from Wall Street investment firms like Blackrock som kollektivt köper hundratusentals hus.
Previous generations have also often failed to prepare for retirement by saving and investing in assets besides their main residency, or a few extra housing units they rent out. This accumulates to totalt $18 T i bostäder som ägs av babyboomers. As a result, they are also by far the richest generation.
Källa: A Wealth Of Common Sense
So, it is no surprise that the baby boomers have consistently voted nationally and locally for regulations and laws that have kept the housing market rising.
Politicians still remembering the fallout of the housing bubble briefly deflating in 2008 are reluctant to tackle the problem.
We should also note that this problem of speculation making housing unaffordable is not a uniquely Western problem.
Most recently, China’s government has been actively trying to pop its own housing bubble in a controlled fashion, with the economic consequences yet to be determined.
“House is for living not speculation”. – Xi Jinping – China’s President
Between the risk of crashing the economy or unaffordable housing, it is a difficult choice to make.
Monetärt system
While it is easy to blame an entire generation, things may be a little more complex than that.
The 1970s were a turning point in economic history. 1971 beslutade Nixon att lämna guldstandarden. This was the trigger for several decades of growing inequality, an explosion in international currency crises, a steady rise in government debt, etc.
Källa: WTF happened in 1971
So, the decline in housing affordability should most likely be better understood in the broader context of inflation and monetary system changes.
Maybe baby boomers were only lucky to be born at the right moment, more than responsible for these changes.
Konsekvenser av omöjligt bostadsägande
The issues created by an increasingly out-of-reach housing market are many and threaten the very stability of our societies.
Liv som en kamp
Younger people unable to ever buy a home are vulnerable to rent increases out of their control. They are unable to use homeownership as a tool to accumulate capital, the way baby boomers did.
They are also more vulnerable to rent increases, financial struggles, and even homelessness in case they lose their job.
All of these conditions make for poor mental health and limit millennials and Gen Z’s ability to take financial risks like entrepreneurship. It also delays family formation or makes it outright impossible, causing a serious demographic decline.
Divisioner och populism
The struggle for housing is not equally shared. We mentioned the generational divide, which can split families and reduce social cohesion.
It is also a racial divide, with non-white people more likely to struggle with housing affordability.
Källa: The Guardian
At the same time, the lack of housing makes welcoming immigrants difficult, as every newly arrived immigrant is a home renter or potential buyer putting pressure on the already insufficient housing supply.
Altogether, this creates a fertile ground for all kinds of populist politics and combines with the other concurrent issues of inequality and discrimination.
Förändringar & 3D-utskrift av hem
Because the housing crisis stems from so many causes, there is no silver bullet to solve it. However, the growing acceptance that there is a problem is encouraging. The growing demographic and electoral weight of millennials and Gen Z should also have an impact.
For example, in 2022 Canada passed the Tax-Free First Home Savings Account (FHSA) to aid Canadians with savings for purchasing their first home. We discussed further for our Canadian readers how to take maximum advantage of this measure in our article “Vad är ett skattefritt förstahandsbesparingskonto (FHSA) i Kanada?”.
Besides societal and political changes, technology could help as well. Until now, construction has been a very labor-intensive process, making it mostly immune from productivity gains like in manufacturing. This is about to change with the emergence of 3D-printed constructions.
The concept is to apply to masonry 3D printing principles:
- Material kan appliceras i den önskade formade munstycket.
- Processen är mestadels automatiserad och datorstyrd, vilket kan arbeta dygnet runt med begränsad arbetsinsats.
- Design kan vara helt digital och överföras direkt till ett fysiskt medium.
Currently, the main concept is using cheap materials like concrete, and building the way a 3D printer does with plastic filament or metal.
Källa: Cornell University
By doing so, 3D printing can save weeks or months of construction time. The system requires a temporary frame for the 3D printing nozzle, just very much oversized compared to other 3d printers.
Källa: Cornell University
It is also easy to imagine that 3D printing could, in the future, be combined with other methods for automated production. For example, CNC-träskärning, and maybe at some point automated assembly by robots.
The idea of 3D-printing houses is also meeting emerging trends, such as building cheap, smaller entry houses that can be afforded by younger generations and single-person households.
For example, företaget Icon (see more below) produced en prototyp på ett 350 kvadratfot litet hem som kostade $10 000 och tog bara 48 timmar att bygga, and might improve their method to build a 2,000-square-foot home for only $20,000.
Together with factory-made housing kits for houses, other automation solutions, and the tiny houses movement, 3D-printed houses could be a cornerstone of market-driven solutions to the current affordability crisis, especially if it is combined with more lax future zoning and building regulations.
And more importantly, by helping first-home owners to save on rent, help them build up financial independence.
Företag för 3D-utskrift av hem
1. COBOD
Cobod is a pioneer in 3D-printed buildings and has already sold 50 printers globally since creating its first prototype villa in Dubai in 2019.
COBOD benefits from a strong brand and a lead into the race for commercialization of 3D printed manufacturing for construction, which might be crucial for adoption in an industry often slow in adopting new technology.
The massive printing frame can print up buildings infinitely long, up to 14.6m/48ft wide, and up to 8.5m/28f feet.
It also comes with a standardized batch plant, silo, and pump to mix the mortar and cement on-site with full digital integration.
Källa: COBOD
2. ICON
ICON is another housing 3D printing company, with a focus on advanced robotics and materials.
Källa: ICON
Notably, it developed its Phoenix robotic arm, able to build not only the walls but also the foundations and the roofs of buildings.
The reduced setup time and number of operators allow for costs to be cut by half, reaching $25/square foot for wall systems or $80/square foot including foundation and roof.
Källa: ICON
The company is also working with CarbonX, a proprietary formula allowing for ICON’s building to be the “ lowest carbon residential building system ready to be used at scale”.
En annan anmärkningsvärd prestation för ICON har varit att bli utvald av NASA för Project Olympus, ett kontrakt på $57,2 M för ett 3D-utskriftsystem för att skapa landningsplattor, vägar, icke-pressuriserade strukturer och pressuriserade habitat på månen, med användning av lokalt regolit (måndamm) istället för material importerat från jorden. Samma metod kan även användas för marsiska habitat.
Källa: ICON
