Elmaslar Kuantum Hesaplama için Geliştirilmiş Qubit’leri Açığa Çıkarabilir mi?

Kuantum Hesaplama için Elmas Kullanımı

Contrary to normal computers using bits (0 & 1), quantum computers use “qubits”. Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously thanks to two quantum properties: süperpozisyon and dolanıklık.

• Süperpozisyon allows qubits to represent both 0 and 1 at the same time, exponentially increasing the data that can be processed compared to classical bits.
• Dolanıklık links qubits in such a way that the state of one qubit can instantaneously affect another, even across great distances.

Bu özellikler QPU’ların çok karmaşık problemleri aynı anda birden fazla çözüm keşfederek klasik bilgisayarlara göre çok daha hızlı çözmesini sağlar.

“Qubit’ların avantajı, normal bitlerin tutabildiğinden çok daha fazla bilgi depolayabilmeleridir. Bu, ortamları hakkında da çok daha fazla bilgi sağlayabilecekleri anlamına gelir; örneğin sensörler olarak son derece değerli kılar.”

Alastair Stacey- PPPL’de yönetici baş araştırma fizikçisi ve kuantum malzemeleri ve cihazları başkanı.

Peki ya dünyanın en sert malzemelerinden biri olan elmasa, en gelişmiş bilgisayarımızda görev yapması için güvensek? Bu, Princeton Üniversitesi araştırmacılarının vizyonudur; yakın zamanda Diamond And Related Materials dergisinde “Yüzey reaksiyonlarının kuantum kimyası modeli ve elmas büyümesinin kinetik modeli: Düşük sıcaklıklarda CVD’de CH₃ radikalleri ve C₂H₂ moleküllerinin etkileri¹” başlıklı makaleyi yayınladılar.

This joins the works of other researchers at the University of Melbourne and Princeton University, published under the title “Elmasın renk merkezini koruyan hidrojen-terminasyon yöntemleri².”

Talep Üzerine Elmas Üretimi

Diamonds, historically only a natural stone, are mostly manufactured from raw carbon these days. However, this process requires very intense heat and pressure, so it cannot be combined with other materials like silicon used in computer chips. For this, low-temperature diamond manufacturing is needed.

Some methods have already been explored, like using acetylene and a technique called “plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition”.

Kaynak: PPPL

The problem with it is that while it can grow microscopic diamonds, it also deposits a lot of soot, which can grow on top of the diamond and inhibit performance for optics, sensors, and chips. Until now it was not clear why the soot formed instead of diamonds.

Goldilocks Sıcaklığı & Hidrojen

The researchers found that there is a precise temperature at which the process creates a diamond. Above this critical temperature, acetylene contributes mostly to diamond growth. Below this critical temperature, it contributes mostly to soot growth.

Kaynak: Diamond And Related Materials

Another factor is the activity of hydrogen atoms near the surface of the diamond. With more hydrogen near the surface, more diamonds can form, even at lower temperatures.

“Hydrogen atoms don’t fuel diamond growth directly, but hydrogen dissociation, or breakdown, is crucial for transforming methane into acetylene and transporting atomic hydrogen to the diamond growth surface. These are both important for diamond growth,”

Alexander Khrabry – Princeton University Araştırma Bursiyeri

Together, these insights in diamond formation open the way for reliably creating microscopic diamonds directly inside silicon semiconductors without damaging the rest of the material with high temperatures or creating unwanted soot.

Kuantum Elmasları

Simple diamonds made only on carbons could have some applications in optics and sensors. But more advanced forms of diamonds could be even more useful.

For example, quantum diamonds are made when some of the carbon atoms forming the diamond are replaced by other atoms, like for example nitrogen, and some other carbon atoms are just removed. This creates a so-called nitrogen-vacancy (NV).

In such a diamond, the electrons inside start to follow quantum rules instead of classic physics, which could be used to build qubits.

“The electrons in this material don’t behave according to the laws of classical physics as heavier particles do. Instead, like all electrons, they behave according to the laws of quantum physics.”

Alastair Stacey- PPPL’de yönetici baş araştırma fizikçisi ve kuantum malzemeleri ve cihazları başkanı.

Elmas Tarif Kitabını Mükemmelleştirmek

Until now, the method of using plasma to create diamonds has been far from precise. It was using a lot of trial and error, as the theory of what exactly happens at the surface of the diamond is not well understood.

Ideally, plasma could also be used to add a mono-atomic layer of hydrogen on top of the diamond. But in the case of quantum diamonds, the high temperature would destroy the nitrogen-vacancy.

So the researchers built an elaborate analytical system (using photoluminescence spectroscopy) to judge what works best for creating a hydrogen layer on NV diamonds.

Kaynak: Advanced Materials Interface

They found that 2 new methods could be used, although each with its own drawbacks for now.

Kaynak: Advanced Materials Interface

• Forming gas annealing, which uses a mixture of hydrogen molecules and nitrogen gas, worked but required very pure hydrogen gas without any oxygen, something difficult to achieve at low temperatures.
• Cold plasma termination, which uses hydrogen plasma indirectly, did not damage the NV center and was easier to implement, but created a lower quality of hydrogen layer on the diamond.

“This highlights the trade-off between surface quality and NV properties that will have to be balanced in future applications. For instance, in biomolecular sensing projects, it is absolutely crucial that NVs be preserved close to surfaces.”

Daniel McCloskey – University of Melbourne’de araştırmacı. 

Overall, these discoveries open the way to a few new, previously hard or impossible applications for diamonds:

• Direct production onto silicon semiconductors, integrating diamonds directly into circuits, sensors, and transistors.
• Production of quantum diamonds into functional qubits, including a finely tuned hydrogen layer on the surface of the diamond.

Yeni Kuantum Bilgisayarlar

Quantum computers have so far been built out of known methods stemming from the traditional manufacturing tactics used by the semiconductor industry. But with quantum technology so different from normal computing, it makes sense that new materials are likely a better fit than traditional silicon.

This can include diamonds, for one day allowing quantum computing to be performed at room temperature, something that would not only decrease costs drastically but also help in creating larger quantum computers.

“Making a quantum simulator with more than 50 qubits and a room-temperature quantum computer opens the door to scaling up to a higher number of qubits, like 100 or 1000, which would be a game-changer for areas like cryptography, AI, and materials science.

This capability would allow scientists to discover life-saving drugs faster, solve hard optimization problems, or develop energy-saving technologies more efficiently.”

Martin Koppenhöfer – SPINUS’ta proje koordinatörü

Besides diamonds, other new innovative materials like for example alüminyum nitrürden yapılmış piezoelektrik nanomekanik rezonatörler, kuantum sensörleri veya kuantum transdüserleri için de kullanılabilir.

Overall, it is likely that advanced new materials will be a solid alternative to silicon and push the promise of quantum computing much further than we could guess today.

Kuantum Hesaplamaya Yatırım

Quantum computing is only getting started but has already caught the attention of every large computing firm that has powered the silicon revolution so far.

It might forever be limited to niche applications more than take place in our computers, but it could still become instrumental in the modelization of physics, biology, material sciences, cryptography, and military applications.

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Or you can look at our list of the “En İyi 10 Nanoteknoloji Hissesi” and “En İyi 5 Kuantum Hesaplama Şirketi”.

Kuantum Hesaplama Şirketleri

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) was the leading force behind the commercialization of the first mainframe computer.

However, it has recently fallen behind in the production volume of other tech giants like Apple (AAPL ), TSMC (TSM ), and NVIDIA (NVDA )

It is, however, at the forefront of the development of quantum computers. For example, it developed its 127-qubit “Eagle” quantum computer, which was followed by a 433-qubit system known as “Osprey.”

And this is now “Condor”, 1.121 süperiletken qubit kuantum işlemcisi based on cross-resonance gate technology, together with “Heron”, a quantum processor at the very edge of the field.

Quantum computers could benefit from improved magnetic control, enhancing qubit stability and reliability, which are essential for processing power.

Similarly, advancements in superconductors, which rely on controlled magnetic fields, could lead to more efficient energy transmission and cooling systems, particularly at higher temperatures.

IBM is involved in most of the other cutting-edge innovations in computing and the semiconductors industry. These include iletken organik malzemeler, nöromorfik hesaplama, fotoniği, etc.

To some extent, IBM has become a “patent company” with expertise in developing new computing methods and licensing them to the industry.

So far, it seems very determined to hold as many key patents in all the non-silicon computing methods it can get, replicating its past success when contributing massively to developing the semiconductor industry into the giant it is today.

Çalışma Referansı:

^{1. Barsukov, Y., Kaganovich, I. D., Mokrov, M., & Khrabry, A. (2024). Yüzey reaksiyonlarının kuantum kimyası modeli ve elmas büyümesinin kinetik modeli: Düşük sıcaklıklarda CVD’de CH₃ radikalleri ve C₂H₂ moleküllerinin etkileri. Diamond and Related Materials, 149, 111577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111577}

^{2. McCloskey, D. J., Stacey, A., de Leon, N. P., & Kaganovich, I. D. (2024). Elmasın renk merkezini koruyan hidrojen-terminasyon yöntemleri. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 11(24), 202400242. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202400242}