Blockchain-Native Securitization ExplainedTraditional securitization relies on a complex network of intermediaries, including originators, trustees, servicers, underwriters, custodians, and clearing systems. Each maintains separate records, creating reconciliation...
Fat Brands and Early Tokenized Debt IssuanceIn early 2020, Fat Brands, the parent company of several U.S. restaurant chains including Fatburger, completed a corporate debt financing...
Early Exchange-Led Digital Securities PilotsAs global interest in digital securities accelerated, many smaller and regional exchanges faced a strategic dilemma. Modernizing market infrastructure required experimentation, but...
Tokenized Real Estate in the European ContextReal estate tokenization emerged as one of the earliest and most persistent use cases for blockchain-based securities. In Europe, this...
The Evolution of Prospectus ExemptionsPrivate capital markets have expanded dramatically over the past decade. Early-stage companies increasingly rely on crowdfunding, exempt offerings, and private placements rather...
What Is a Digital Asset?A digital asset can be broadly defined as anything that exists in binary form, is uniquely identifiable, self-contained, and capable of holding...
Editor’s Note: This article is an external contribution written in early 2020 and reflects regulatory conditions, enforcement priorities, and blacklist designations in effect at that time....
Canada’s Nationally Harmonized Startup Crowdfunding FrameworkCanada’s securities markets operate under a provincial system, which historically produced fragmented crowdfunding rules across jurisdictions. National Instrument 45-110 addressed this...
Editor’s Note: This interview was conducted in 2019–2020 and reflects the regulatory environment, partnerships, and product plans discussed at that time. References to pilots, upcoming listings,...
The Bank of Canada’s Role in the Monetary SystemThe Bank of Canada operates as the country’s central bank and sole issuer of legal tender banknotes. Its...
Why Real Estate Tokenization Historically FailedTokenization of real estate has been discussed for over a decade, yet most early attempts failed to reach meaningful scale. These...
Why Prospectus Thresholds Matter for TokenizationProspectus requirements represent one of the largest fixed costs in capital formation. For small and medium-sized companies, the expense of preparing,...
Editor’s Note (2026): This article was contributed during the 2018–2019 transition period from initial coin offerings (ICOs) toward regulated digital securities. While specific enforcement actions and...
Editor’s Note (2026): This interview was conducted during the early institutional phase of blockchain and digital securities adoption. While certain references to timelines, market maturity, and...
Why Digital Securities Need Purpose-Built BlockchainsEarly digital securities platforms largely relied on general-purpose blockchains such as Ethereum . While flexible, these networks were not designed to...